Speech

Statement by William McChesney Martin, Jr., Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System before the House Banking and Currency Committee May 10, 1951 federal reserve bank f WiLnucu liiA. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mr. Chairman and Members of this Committee - I appreciate this opportunity to present to you the views of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System with respect to the re­ sponsibilities placed upon or delegated to the Federal Reserve System under the Defense Production Act of 1950, The Board is strongly of the opinion that these provisions of the Act should be continued. As has been repeatedly emphasized before this and other committees of the Congress primary reliance must be placed on fiscal, credit, and monetary measures in combating inflationary forces inevitably generated by the expanding defense effort. It is hardly necessary to emphasize that the forces creating upward pressures on prices are likely to continue dominant in the economy even though these pressures may appear temporarily to have been moderated. Nor is it necessary to recount again the many circumstances and factors whicn have combined to produce grave inflationary dangers, or the preventive and precautionary steps already taken to safeguard the economy. On behalf of the Board I therefore shall address myself particularly to those provisions of the Act with which we have been directly concerned. These provisions deal with certain supplementary rather than primary credit restrictions as well as with the so-called V-loan program to aid the defense effort. It is important to emphasize that the marked advances in prices and the exceptionally large increase in bank and other credit that have taken place up to the present time reflect mainly expansion in private expenditures. The full effects of expansion of defense activities are still to be felt. While expenditures for defense purposes have doubled since last summer as yet Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 - - they account for only atout ten per cent of total output, moreover, they have thus far been met out of growing Government revenues and no new Federal borrowing has been needed. However, Federal expenditures for defense and related activities are scheduled to rise sharply and may account for as much as 20 per cent of total output within a year. This is the overriding consideration for national stabilization policy. If inflationary trends are to be held in check, public policy will need to limit private spending, especially such spending as is financed by borrowing or by the use of past savings. This is a time for saving, not spending. Bole of Credit Restraint Credit expansion has financed a substantial share of the increased consumer and business spending since June 1950. Without the restraints pro­ vided by the Defense Production Act the expansion in credit and upward price pressures undoubtedly would have been even greater. From the end of June 1950 to the end of March outstanding loans and holdings of corporate and municipal securities by all banks increased by over 12 oillion dollars. This increase was almost as much as occurred in the two years 19UI and 19U8 together and these were both years of rapid credit expansion and inflationary trends. Credit extended by other lenders to businesses, municipalities, and consumers also was in unprecedented volume. Such credit was supplemented by drawing on liquid asset holdings. Between the end of June 1950 and the end of March of this year, redemptions of savings bonds exceeded cash purchases by over a billion dollars, and savings accounts 'were reduced by close to three-quarters of a billion dollars. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 - - Reflecting the demand for and use of ready cash, demand deposits of busi­ nesses and individuals increased by over ? billion dollars in the last half of 1950 and showed only a moderate seasonal decline in the first quarter of 1951. The turnover or rate of use of these deposit balances rose sharply. It has become increasingly evident during recent weeks that this acceleration of inflationary tendencies has been checked, temporarily at leasto The prospects for getting inflation under control are now better than at any time since Korea. To suicceed, however, will require full and contin­ ued use of all of the credit measures now up for renewal in the Defense Production Act, It would be extremely unfortunate if any of the means we have been using to stem the inflationary tide should be allowed to lapse at this critical moment when they are achieving a considerable measure of success. There are tangible evidences that the availability of bank reserves has been reduced, that banks have become more restrictive in their lending policies, and that the over-all expansion of bank credit has definitely slackened despite acceleration of lending to finance defense production. Further evidences of the effects of the various measures of monetary and credit restraint may be seen in the markets for consumer credit, mortgages, and new capital issues. Consumer instalment credit has ceased to grow. New commitments by insurance companies and savings banks to purchase mort­ gages have been reduced. Plans for issuance of some new securities have been withdrawn or postponed and others have had to be revised, although the total volume of new issues has continued very large. The record of the past year has clearly demonstrated that selective measures of credit restraint are an effective and necessary supplement to general credit measures and at the same time are an important line of defense for the Government securities market# Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis “ ll “ Continuing Authority to Regulate Consumer Credit Regulation of consumer credit, reinstated last fall under authority of the Defense Production Act, has played an important part and as defense spending continues to expand should play an even more important part in the program to control inflationary forces* While consumer credit regulation alone cannot solve the problem of inflation, nevertheless, Regulation W, by establishing minimum downpayment require­ ments and maximum periods for repayment of consumer instalment debt, has effectively limited the expansion of consumer purchasing power in the form of credit dollars and is an essential part of any continuing compre­ hensive anti-inflationary program* The terms initially established in September 19E>0, after extensive consultation with trade groups, were only slightly more restrictive than the average terms prevailing in consumer markets in the period just preceding the regulation, In announcing them the Board indicated that further tightening might be in order as the magnitude of the defense program and resulting inflationary pressures become more evident. Some weeks later, after careful consideration of current and prospective developments not only in the consumer durable goods field but in the economy as a whole, the Board announced, effective October 16, a more restrictive set of terms which has remained in effect since that time. The regulation now provides that in buying an automobile on in­ stalment a buyer must pay one-third down and repay the balance of his contract in not more than 1$ months) for other durables such as washing machines and Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 5 - - television sets, the minimum downpayment requirement is 25 per cent, and the maximum term allowed is also 15 months* More liberal terms are permitted for furniture and home repairs and improvements* The present provisions of Regulation W are more lenient in some respects than those in effect during most of World War II* The regulation is also substantially less restrictive than the terms of similar regulations now in force in Canada, where the regulation of consumer credit is also included in the arsenal of anti-inflation weapons. Under the present terms of Regulation W, the highly inflationary expansion of outstanding instalment credit has been stopped* In the six- month period October 1950 through March 195l> instalment credit outstanding declined by 361). million dollars. This decline contrasts sharply with the increase of 2.3 billion dollars in the preceding six months, and with the rise of 1*2 billion dollars in the period October 19U9 to March 1950.. Recently there has been some reduction in demand for consumer durable goods from the exceptionally large volume of December and January, although sales of most continue close to the high levels reached a year ago. Conditions in these markets are being watched closely and frequent consultations are being held with representatives of the industries and trades which have been affected. Even though inflationary pressures may temporarily be checked, a highly volatile demand situation is to be expected as long as the defense program and international developments play such a dominant role in the economy. Let me assure you that the Board is prepared either to tighten or to relax credit terms whenever such action would be consistent x\rith the objectives of the Defense Production Act. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 - - Regulation of Real Estate Credit In the field of real estate credit, several important steps have been taken to check inflationary developments and conserve materials and other resources. Last July, prior to the passage of the Defense Production Act, the Federal Housing Administration and the Veterans Administration tightened the terms under which they would insure or guarantee mortgage loans, both on new and on existing properties. Since the passage of that Act, further action has been taken to regulate real estate construction credit. The first step was the issuance, effective October 12, of Regulation X by the Board and companion regulations by FHA and VA covering credit extended in connection with purchases of 1- to 2-family houses. The next was amendment of these regulations as of January 12, 1951a to cover new multi-family units. Finally, another amendment to Regulation X, effective February Ip, covered loans in connection with certain nonresidential construction. At every stage in developing the regulations valuable advice and assistance has been sought and obtained from lenders, builders, and other private groups, as well as from public officials. Under the terms of Regulation X and companion FHA regulations, mortgage loans on houses are limited to various percentages from 90 per cent for houses valued at 5,000 dollars or less to 50 per cent for houses valued at over 2l;,250 dollars. V.ith respect to loans guaranteed by the Veterans Administration, loan ratios 5 to 10 percentage points higher were authorized by the Housing Administrator to preserve the relative credit preference granted to veterans. At the time of their announcement the terms were widely regarded as being strict and likely to lead to sharp curtailment in the volume of residential building. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 - - The effectiveness of the regulation was considerably limited at the outset by the large volume of building then under way and by the large volume of financing commitments outstanding. Thus, while construction activity and extensions of mortgage credit have continued at very high levels, the restrictions imposed have been important in helping to reduce the number of new units being started. During the winter months housing starts were equal to those a year earlier but were down more than seasonally from the extra­ ordinary high level of last spring and summer. In March and April starts ap­ pear to have been about one-fifth below a year ago. It now appears likely that under present regulations the effective demand for new houses will be less than in 1950 when a record total of 1.1100.000 units were started. At the same time, with about 360,000 or 370.000 units started in the first four months of 1951, the total for the year will probably exceed the 600,000 to 850,000 units set as a target last October when the terms were first announced. Prospects for a smaller volume of construction this year together with recent high levels of production of most building materials have resulted in a leveling off of building material prices since tne first of the year. Even so, these prices average about 20 per cent higher than in the spring of 1950 and shortages of some metal items are rather widely reported. To make restrictions of mortgage credit adequately effective, the authority over such credit needs to be extended to cover loans made on existing properties. Since passage of the Defense Production Act prices of old as well as new houses have increased significantly, thereby raising the loan values of old properties and adding to the potential volume of credit based on this type of asset. Price increases for old properties in turn tend to Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis support increases in prices of, and the amount of credit extended on, new houses. Thus, restriction of credit extended on existing properties would help to make the restraint of new construction credit more effective as well as to limit inflationary mortgage credit expansion generally. The amount of mortgage credit extended on old houses during 1950 was the largest on record, almost 9 billion dollars or about three-fifths of all the credit extended on all 1- to ij-family properties. In the first quarter of 1951 lending on old houses was maintained at a very high rate and continued to account for a large share of the total volume of mortgage credit extensi on. The President as well as the Council of Economic Advisers and the Joint Committee on the Economic Report have recommended that authority be granted to control credit on purchases of existing houses. The Board joins in this recommendation and urges that the authority be granted in the form provided in the bill presently under consideration. Total mortgage debt outstanding on 1- to U-family houses, new and old combined, is 2-1/k times what it was at the end of World War II. Continuation of such rapid expansion of mortgage debt would not only threaten the stability of real estate markets but also have a serious inflationary impact on 'the whole economy. Voluntary Credit Restraint Program The recently inaugurated Voluntary Credit Restraint Program, to which I referred earlier, is designed to encourage financing institutions to conduct their credit operations in such a way as to contribute to meeting defense and other essential needs and at the same time to help limit the use Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 - - of credit for other purposes* This program has been established as a result of the President’s delegation to the Board of the authority contained in the Defense Production Act to encourage the making of voluntary agreements in the field of financing. It has been developed after consultation with and approval by the Attorney General and also after consultation with the Federal Trade Commission, The Program is entirely voluntary on the part of participating financing institutions and its success is wholly dependent on the coopera­ tion of such institutions. The Board and the Reserve Banks participate in it to the extent required under the terms of the program in order to be of assistance to the voluntary committees appointed under the Program, Governor Powell has been designated by the Board to be Chairman of the National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee, This Committee originally consisted of four representatives each of banks, insurance companies, and investment banking houses chosen after consultation with the lending associations in these areas. More recently, two representatives each of mutual savings banks and savings and loan associations have been added to the Committee* The National Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee has established initially 12 subcommittees for banks, one located in each Federal Reserve Dis­ trict, and U regional subcommittees each for insurance companies and investment banking houses. These subcommittees are available for consultation with indi­ vidual financing institutions to assist them in determining the application of the Program to specific loans for which application has been made to financing institutions. Of course, the final decision with respect to making or Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10 - - refusing to make any particular loan or loans is wholly within the discretion of each financing institution, whether or not it has consulted with any of the subcommittees. Members chosen to serve on the national committee as well as on the various subcommittees have been very carefully selected to provide broad participation by the financial community, I will submit for the record a list of the membership of the national and regional committees. You will agree, I'm sure, that this is an impressive roster of financial leaders. The national committee has issued three bulletins, the first dealing with means of restraining inventory financing, the second with the principles to be followed in financing capital expansion programs and the third with State and local government financing* These bulletins, together with the Statement of Principles of the Program, have been dis­ tributed to all financing institutions participating in the Program to provide a common guide for combatting inflationary loan expansion in their respective fields. Other bulletins as may be appropriate and helpful will be issued from time to time. While there has not yet been time to build up a body of statistical information to enable the Committee to analyze thoroughly the effects of the ■ Program, there are indications that the initiation of the Program has had a salutary effect on the trend of credit. Expansion of bank credit, xfhich was very sharp during the last half of 1950, has shown some signs Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11 - - of abating in recent weeks. Endorsements of the Program and pledges of wholehearted coopera­ tion have been received from many representative industry groups. In the circumstances, those connected with the Program are most encouraged, and it is the Board*s view that the authorization for this unique coopera­ tive effort as one means of restraining the further expansion of private credit should be continued, V-Loan Program Section 301 of the Defense Production Act provides the authority for the current guaranteed loan program under which loans made by private financing institutions to defense contractors are guaranteed by defense procurement agencies. Essentially this program is a revival of the so-called V-loan program which was successful in helping to finance war production during World War II, Under the present program, there are eight guaranteeing agen­ cies: the Departments of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Commerce, Interior, and Agriculture, the General Services Administration, and the Atomic Energy Commission, The twelve Federal Reserve Banks act as fiscal agents of the United States on behalf of these guaranteeing agencies. The Board, after consultation with the guaranteeing agencies, has prescribed regulations governing the guarantee operations of the Reserve Banks and rates, fees, forms, and procedures to be utilized in connection with such guarantees* Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 - - One of the special virtues of the V-loan program is the fact that the procedure for obtaining a guaranteed loan is relatively simple. Briefly, any defense contractor who requires financing in order to carry out his contracts first gets in touch with his local bank or financing institution® The financing institution, after working out the terms of the proposed loan, files an application for a guarantee with the Federal Reserve Bank of its district. The Reserve Bank makes any necessary credit investigation and submits the loan to the appropriate agency for approval. If the guaranteeing agency ap­ proves the application, it authorizes the Reserve Bank as its agent to execute the guarantee agreement. A maximum interest rate of 5 per cent and a schedule of guarantee fees have been established by the Board after consultation with the guaranteeing agencies. The higher the percentage of guarantee requested by the financing institution, the higher the guarantee fee which it is required to pay* This encourages financing institutions to assume as much of the risk as possible and reduces the Government’s contingent liability. Up to April 30, 503 applications for guarantees totaling about 365 million dollars had been received; 327 applications were approved for about U22 million dollars, 105 applications for about 123 million dollars are under consideration, 57 applications aggregating about 11 million dollars were declined, and the remaining few applications were withdrawn. At present, applications are being received at a rate of slightly more than 100 a month. Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13 - - Because of rulings of the Comptroller General, financing institutions have Been reluctant to take assignments of Government con­ tracts as security for defense loans. However, this situation will be remedied by a clarifying amendment to the Assignment of Claims Act re­ cently approved by the Senate and the House of Representatives. With this impediment to lending on defense contracts removed, and with the anticipated acceleration in the defense production program, there is every reason to expect that the volume of applications for guaranteed loans under the V-loan program will increase greatly. The basic purpose of the V-loan program is to utilize the pri­ vate banking system so far as possible in financing necessary defense production. V-loan guarantees are especially useful to smaller con­ tractors who may not be otherwise able to obtain necessary financing for defense contracts. Continuing Need for Restraints on Inflation Defense production is in the early stages and demand for civilian goods remains at high levels. Present schedules call for doubling defense outlays as a percentage of national output within a year. In addition, private outlays for new plant and equipment are expected to increase substantially, adding to inflationary tendencies. Although recently inflationary pressures appear to have moderated, the fundamental situation in this country and abroad is still strongly in­ flationary., Estimates of possible increases both in total output and in output of particular products indicate that the defense and other essential goals cannot be realized unless civilian production and Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - lU - demand for important types of goods are curtailed* Present and prospective shortages of steel, copper, and other metals require re­ straint on competing civilian uses of metals, such as automobiles, appliances, houses, and commercial construction* Unless both public and private expenditures for nondefense purposes are limited, the only alternative is a further advance in prices* It is of paramount import­ ance, therefore, that the anti-inflation programs now in operation be continued and strengthened* Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis VOLUNTARY CREDIT RESTRAINT COMMITTEE Oliver S. Powell, Chairman Commercial Banks George S. Moore Vice President, The National City Bank, New York, New York. Carlisle R. Davis Vice President, State-Planters Bank and Trust Company, Richmond, Virginia. Kenton R. Cravens Vice President, Mercantile-Commerce Bank & Trust Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Everett D. Reese President and Trust Officer, Park National Bank, Newark, Ohio. Insurance Companies George L. Harrison Chairman, New York Life Insurance Co., New York, New York. Carrol M. Shanks President, Prudential Insurance Company of America, Newark, New Jersey. E. B. Stevenson, Jr. Executive Vice President, National Life and Accident Insurance Co., Nashville, Tennessee. Claude L. Benner President, Continental American Life Insurance Co., Wilmington, Delaware. Investment Bankers Lee M. Limbert Vice President, Blyth & Co., Inc., New York, New York. Rudolf Smutny Partner, Salomon Bros. & Hutzler, New York, New York. Francis Kernan Partner, White, Weld & Co., New York, New York. William K. Barclay, Jr. Partner, Stein Bros. & Boyce, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss First District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Walter S. Bucklin, Chairman. President, The National Shawmut Bank of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. John E. Toulmin, Vice Chairman. Senior Vice President, The First National Bank of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. Roy A. Young, President, The Merchants National Bantc of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. Lester E. Shippee, Executive Vice President, The Hartford-Connecticut Trust Company, Hartford, Connecticut. Chester G. Abbott, President, First Portland National Bank, Portland, Maine. W. F. Farrell, President, The Providence Union National Bank and Trust Company, Providence, Rhode Island. Carl B. Pitman, • Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Boston, Massachxisetts. Second District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee George Whitney, Chairman, Chairman of the Board, J. P. Morgan & Co., Inc., New York, New York. George Champion, Vice Chairman. Senior Vice President, The Chase National Bank of the City of New York, New York, New York. Charles H. Diefendorf, President, Marine Trust Company, Buffalo, New York. R. E. McNeill, Jr., President, Central Hanover Bank and Trust Company, New York, New York. David C. Barry, Senior Vice President, Lincoln-Rochester Trust Company, Rochester, New York. Horace K. Corbin, President, Fidelity Union Trust Company, Newark, New Jersey. Arthur Phelan, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, New York. DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Third District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Frederic A. Potts, Chairman, President, The Philadelphia National Bank, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Carl H. Chaffee, Vice President, The First National Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. George P. Edmonds, President, Wilmington Trust Company, Wilmington, Delaware. Frank W. Sutton, Jr., President, The First National Bank of Tom's River, N. J., Tom's River, New Jersey. J. Wilson Steinmetz, President, Ninth Bank and Trust Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Frank Steraple, Executive Vice President, The First National Bank of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania. W. J. Davis, First Vice President, The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. fourth District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee John K. Thompson, Chairman, President, Union .Sank of Commerce. Cleveland, Ohio. A. Mitchell, President, Cental Trust Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, francis H. Beam, Senior Vice President, The National City Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio. Tonathan S. Raymond, Vice President. Me]Ion National Banx and Trust Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Robert C. Downie, President, Peoples First National Eank and Trust Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. E. S. Patterson, President, The First National Panic of Akron, akron, Ohio. William H. Fletcher, First Vice Pre^ld v.t, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio. DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Fifth District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Archie K. Davis, Chairman. Senior Vice President, Wachovia Bank & Trust Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Eugene L. Miles, President, Baltimore National Bank, Baltimore, Maryland. Hulbert T. Bisselle, Senior Vice President, The Riggs National Bank of Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. J. Phillips Coleman, Vice President, First and Merchants National Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia. Thos. C. Boushall, Chairman and President, Bank of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia. Ernest Patton, Chairman of the Board, The Peoples National Bank of Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina. N. L. Armistead, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia. Sixth District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee John A. Sibley, Chairman, Chairman of the Board, Trust Company of Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia. J. Finley McRae, Vice Chairman. President, The Merchants National Bank of Mobile, Mobile, Alabama. James G. Hall, Executive Vice President, The First National Bank of Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. V. H. Northcutt, President, The First National Bank of Tampa, Tampa, Florida. Herman Jones, Executive Vice President, The First National Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia. Dale Graham, President, The National Bank of Commerce in New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana. V. V. K. Bowman, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia. DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Seventh District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Homer J, Livingston, Chairman, President, The Firs ^“"National Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Carl A, Birdsall, President, The Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Mark A. Brown, President, Harris Trust and Savings Bank, Chicago, Illinois. George L, Luthy, President, Commercial National Bank of Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, Donald F, Valley, General Vice President, National Bank of Detroit, Detroit, Michigan. William Taylor, President, First Wisconsin National Bank of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, A. L. Olson, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, Eighth District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Sidney Maestre, Chairman, President, Mississippi Valley Trust Company, St, Louis, Missouri. James H, Penick, President, Worthen Bank & Trust Company, Little Rock, Arkansas, Earl R, Muir, President, Louisville Trust Company, Louisville, Kentucky, Harold T, Jolley, President, The Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, William A, McDonnell, President, First National Bank in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. V, J, Alexander, President, Union Planters National Bank & Trust Company of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee. Olin M, Attebery, First Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of St, Louis, St, Louis, Missouri. DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Ninth District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Arthur H. Quay, Chairman, President, First National Bank of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Willis Wyard, President, First and American National Bank of Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, Joseph F, Ringland, President, Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Rollin 0, Bishop, President, The American National Bank of Saint Paul, St, Paul, Minnesota. Julian Baird, President, The First National Bank of St, Paul, St. Paul, Minnesota, B, M. Harris, President, The Yellowstone Bank, Columbus, Montana, Maurice H. Strothman, Jr,, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tenth District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee D, T. Beals, Chairman, President, "TKe Inter-State National Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri. John Evans, President, The First National Bank of Denver, Denver, Colorado. James M. Kemper, Chairman of the Board, Commerce Trust Company, Kansas City, Missouri, Taylor Abernathy, President, The First National Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, Arthur L, Coad, President, Packers National Bank in Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, Hugh L. Harrell, Vice President, The First National Bank and Trust Company of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Henry 0, Koppang, First Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Eleventh District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Milton F. Brown, Chairman, President, Mercantile' National Bank at Dallas, Dallas, Texas. Ben H. Wooten, President, First National Bank in Dallas, Dallas, Texas. W. M. Massie, Vice President, The Fort Worth National Bank, Fort Worth, Texas. L. Randolph Bryan, Jr,, President, The Second National Bank of Houston, Houston, Texas. Harris McAshan, President, The South Texas National Bank of Houston, Houston, Texas, Fred F. Florence, President, Republic National Bank of Dallas, Dallas, Texas. W. D. Gentry, First Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, Twelfth District Commercial Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee E. C, Sammons, Chairman, President, The United States National Bank of Portland, Portland, Oregon, I, Warren Heilman, President, Wells Fargo Bank & Union Trust Company, San Francisco, California, Chester A. Rude, Chairman, Executive Committee, Security-First National Bank of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. James Lochead, President, American Trust Company, San Francisco, California. F, A. Ferroggiaro, Senior Vice Chairman of the Board, Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association, San Francisco, California. Thomas F. Gleed, President, Seattle-First National Bank, Seattle, Washington. E. R. Millard, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Eastern Insurance Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman, President, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut. Julian D. Anthony, President, Columbian national Life Insurance Company, Boston, Massachusetts. Frederick ¥. Ecker, Executive Vice President, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Hew York, Hew York, Robert E. Henley, President, Life Insurance Company of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia. E. A. Camp, Jr., Vice President and Treasurer, Liberty Rational Life Insurance Company, Birmingham, Alabama. ¥. W. Bodine, Chairman of the Board, Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, Philadelphia, Penna. William F. Treiber, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Hew York, Hew York 45, Hew York. Mid-Western Insurance Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Robert B. Richardson, Chairman, President, Western Life Insurance Company, Helena, Montana. T. A. Phillips, Chairman of the Board, Minnesota Mutual Life Insurance Company, St. Paul, Minn, W» T. Grant, Chairman, Business Men's Assurance Company of America, Kansas City, Missouri. Frank J. Travers, Vice President, American United Life Insurance Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, Willard H. Boyden, Vice President, Continental Assurance Company, Chicago, Illinois. A. L. Olson, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Chicago 90, Illinois. DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Southwestern Insurance Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee W. L. Vogler, Chairman, Executive Vice President, American National Insurance Company, Galveston, Texas. Harry L. Seay, Jr., Executive Vice President, Atlas Life Insurance Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Carl C. Weichsel, Vice President and Treasurer, Great National Life Insurance Company, Dallas, Tex T. L. Bradford, Jr., Vice President and Treasurer, Southwestern Life Insurance Company, Dallas, Texas P. M. Greenwood, Executive Vice President, Great Southern Life Insurance Company, Houston, Texas. H, R. DeMoas, Vice President, Eederal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Dallas, Texas. West Coast Insurance Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Asa V. Call, Chairman, President, ’Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company, Los Angeles, California. Harry J. Stewart, President, West Coast Life Insurance Company, San Erancisco, California. Raymond R. Brown, President, Standard Insurance Company, Portland, Oregon. Dwight L. Clarke, Chairman of Advisory Board, Occidental Life Insurance Company of California, Los Angeles, California. Virgil H. Smith, Vice President, Beneficial Life Insurance Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. E. R. Millard, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of San Erancisco, San Erancisco, California DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Eastern Investment Banking Voluntary Credit [Restraint Committee Percy M. Stewart, Chairman, Kuhn, Loeh & Co., 52 William Street, New York, New York. T. Jerrold Bryce, Clark Dodge & Co., 6l Wall Street, New York, New York. Clarence E. Unterherg, C. E. Unterherg & Company, 6l Broadxtfay, New York, New York. Prank A. Willard, Reynolds & Company, 120 Broadway, New York, New York. A. Phelan, Vice President, Pederal Reserve Bank of Nev York, New York 45, New York. Mid-Western Investment Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee D. Dean McCormick, Chairman, McCormick & Co., 231 S. La Salle Street, Chicago 4, Illinois Lee H. Ostrander, William Blair & Company, 135 S. La Salle Street, Chicago 3» Illinois. Reno H» Petersen, The Illinois Company, 231 S. La Salle Street, Chicago 4, Illinois. Richard W. Simmons, Blunt Ellis & Simmons, 208 S. La Salle Street, Chicago 4, Illinois. Neil B. Dawes, Vice President and Secretary, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Chicago 90, 111. DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss Southwestern Investment Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee John H. Rauscher, Chairman, Rauscher, Pierce & Co., Mercantile Bank Building, Dallas 1, Texas. H. H. Dewar, Dewar, Robertson Sc Pancoast, National Bank of Commerce Bldg., San Antonio 5> Texas Nilliam C. Jackson, Jr., First Southwest Company, Mercantile Bank Building, Dallas 1, Texas. Edward Rotan, Rotan, Mosle and Moreland, 806 Rusk Avenue, Houston 2, Texas. W. D. Gentry, First Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Dallas 13> Texas. Western Investment Banking Voluntary Credit Restraint Committee Frank F. Walker, Chairman. Dean Wittei* & Co., 45 Montgomery Street, San Francisco 6, California. Mark C. Elworthy, Elworthy Sc Co., Ill Sutter Street, San Francisco 4> California. Edward C. Henshaw, William R. Staats Co., Ill Sutter Street, San Francisco 4> California. Frank Weeden, Weeden & Co., 315 Montgomery Street, San Francisco 4> California. E. R. Millard, Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, San Francisco 20, California DDiiggiittiizzeedd ffoorr FFRRAASSEERR hhttttpp::////ffrraasseerr..ssttlloouuiissffeedd..oorrgg// FFeeddeerraall RReesseerrvvee BBaannkk ooff SStt.. LLoouuiiss

William McChesney Martin, Jr. (1951, May 9). Speech. Speeches, Federal Reserve. https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/speech_19510510_jr.

@misc{wtfs_speech_19510510_jr.,
  author = {William McChesney Martin, Jr.},
  title = {Speech},
  year = {1951},
  month = {May},
  howpublished = {Speeches, Federal Reserve},
  url = {https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/speech_19510510_jr.},
  note = {Retrieved via When the Fed Speaks corpus}
}