Bluebook

Prefatory Note The attached document represents the most complete and accurate version available based on original copies culled from the files of the FOMC Secretariat at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. This electronic document was created through a comprehensive digitization process which included identifying the bestpreserved paper copies, scanning those copies, 1 and then making the scanned versions text-searchable. 2 Though a stringent quality assurance process was employed, some imperfections may remain. Please note that this document may contain occasional gaps in the text. These gaps are the result of a redaction process that removed information obtained on a confidential basis. All redacted passages are exempt from disclosure under applicable provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. 1 In some cases, original copies needed to be photocopied before being scanned into electronic format. All scanned images were deskewed (to remove the effects of printer- and scanner-introduced tilting) and lightly cleaned (to remove dark spots caused by staple holes, hole punches, and other blemishes caused after initial printing). 2 A two-step process was used. An advanced optimal character recognition computer program (OCR) first created electronic text from the document image. Where the OCR results were inconclusive, staff checked and corrected the text as necessary. Please note that the numbers and text in charts and tables were not reliably recognized by the OCR process and were not checked or corrected by staff. Strictly Confidential (FR) Class I FOMC May 16, 1997 Monetary Policy Alternatives Prepared for the Federal Open Market Committee By the staff of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Strictly Confidential (F.R.) May 16, 1997 Class I -- FOMC MONETARY POLICY ALTERNATIVES Recent Developments (1) Over the intermeeting period, federal funds averaged close to the slightly higher rate of 5-1/2percent adopted by the FOMC as its intended level at the last meeting. Federal funds generally traded near their intended level, despite the complications to Desk operations posed by soaring individual nonwithheld income tax payments in mid-April, which pushed Treasury balances well above the capacity of the Treasury Tax and Loan system at depository institutions for an extended period. The diversion of the excess to the Treasury's account at the Federal Reserve drove that account to a record level, leading to substantial upward adjustments to estimated reserve needs. The Desk met these needs primarily through repurchase agreements, entering the market earlier than usual on a number of occasions to maximize the availability of collateral and, in an even rarer tactic, twice arranging two rounds of RP transactions on a single day. The Desk also purchased bills and coupons on an outright basis to help offset the tax-related reserve drain as well as to address longer-term reserve needs stemming from the uptrend in currency outstanding. (2) Market interest rates generally showed small mixed changes on balance over the intermeeting period. At the short end of the maturity structure, rates on most private instruments were up 5 to 10 basis points, owing to the March policy action, which had been mostly anticipated. The three-month Treasury bill rate, however, fell 20 basis points, in reaction to reduced issuance (chart). Intermediate- and long-term yields rose early in the intermeeting period, responding mainly to indications of sustained strength in aggregate Chart 1 Selected Treasury Interest Rates Daily MC F O FOMC ... ... PPI, Emp. RSCPI ..... . . Percent GDP Emp., ECI Budget . Three-year 3.5 Ten-year Indexed (left scale) Index* RS CP Ten-year 4.0 -, Selected Stock Indexes ppI -o 3.0 Three-month 2.5- . , II I I . LL I I II . . Ililib1 I I I I I I I4/4 I I I 4/11 4/15 4/29 4/305/2 5/13 5/15 IIII . . . ... J F M A M J A J S ON D J F *Index, Jan 1996=100 1996 Daily beainninq Mar 24. Federal Funds Futures Eurodollar Futures Percent 05/16/97 .......... 05/16/97 03/24/97 .......... 03/24/97 ^- -1 4 July June Contract Months Real Interest Rates 9/97 Aug Percent 12/97 3/98 Contract Months Exchange Rates Index 130 [Weekly Mar .25 FOMC .. .. -'' BAMMA:kmd ',,:'.. .. ": Trade-Weighted Dollar Index (3/73=100) F M AM J J A 1996 * Index, Jan 1996=100 Daily beginning March 24. J - 1,4it , Yen* 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 * Inflation expectations are measured by the Blue Chip survey until April 1991 and the Philadelphia Fed survey thereafter. SThe real federal funds rate is deflated by the change in the core CPI over the previous twelve months. M Percent *... May M A 1997 Mark* S O N D J F M A M 1997 -2demand and output. Subsequently, the bond market more than rolled back these increases on the publication of data suggesting that wage and price pressures remained damped and that economic growth was moderating. Also contributing to the rally were expectations of reduced federal borrowing, reflecting strong tax flows and perhaps the announcement of an agreement to balance the budget, as well as a speech by the Chairman that was perceived, on balance, to be suggesting that the odds on monetary policy tightening might be lower than previously expected. Judging from quotes on federal funds futures contracts, investors now see only a modest chance of a 25 basis point move at the May FOMC meeting. In contrast to the small declines in nominal bond yields, the rate on the Treasury's inflation-indexed security rose around 10 basis points over the period. Stock prices fluctuated substantially but finished the period up 4 percent to 8 percent. With real interest rates perhaps a bit higher, the rally appeared to be spurred by greater optimism about the outlook for earnings, supported by stronger-than-expected reports on first-quarter profits. (3) In foreign exchange markets, the dollar's trade-weighted-average value roughly followed the pattern of U.S. intermediate- and long-term interest rates, rising early in the period but subsequently declining to end down about 1 percent, on balance. The depreciation in May has been especially pronounced against the yen. In Japan, long-term bond yields have risen about 20 basis points, on balance, and stock prices have rallied sharply on market perceptions that the economic picture may be brightening. In addition, Japanese authorities attempted to jawbone the yen higher, following up on the April 27 statement by the G-7 that emphasized "the importance of avoiding exchange rates that could lead to the emergence of large external imbalances." The dollar has risen about 1/2percent on balance against the -3deutsche mark as German bond yields declined 20 basis points. ;the Desk, again, did not intervene. (4) Growth of the broad monetary aggregates have been strong over the past two months, exceeding the staffs projection. Much of the strength in M2, particularly in April, however, seems to have reflected a temporary buildup of liquid balances by households to make outsized tax payments. 1 Supporting this interpretation, data for late April and early May show a reversal of the M2 bulge as tax payments cleared. These data, together with rough estimates of the possible effects of the unusual tax payments on money holdings in April, suggest that underlying growth in M2 has tapered off from its strong pace of earlier this year. For the first time this year, M2 dropped below the 5 percent upper end of its annual growth range in the early weeks of May. The rapid growth in M3 in March and April was impelled by its M2 component as well as by large time deposits. M3 also dropped sharply in early May--but not by enough to bring it within its growth cone. The strength in M3 in March and April was associated in part with the need to fund a brisk expansion of bank credit. Banks acquired large volumes of securities on balance over the two months, likely as temporary outlets for the buildup of tax-related deposit balances, and business and real estate lending remained robust. 1 The buildup was mainly in savings accounts (including MMDAs) and money market mutual funds. M1 declined steeply in April, reflecting the effects of new retail sweep activity. (From 1994 through April, depository institutions have implemented more than $200 billion of such sweeps, reducing required reserve balances cumulatively by about $17 billion.) In addition to sweep accounts, moderate growth in currency restrained M1 and contributed to weakness in the monetary base, which rose only slightly in April. -4(5) Growth of domestic nonfinancial sector debt so far in 1997 has been somewhat slower than in 1996, mainly owing to the reduced pace of federal borrowing. In March, this aggregate was a little below the midpoint of its annual range. Among private borrowers, consumer credit growth slowed in March from a very rapid rate earlier in the quarter, and bank data for April suggest modest expansion in such debt last month. Business borrowing, in contrast, appears to have remained fairly strong. Credit supply conditions are still generally quite favorable for business borrowers. In open markets, debt spreads have stayed near record low levels, and banks report a further easing of terms on C&I loans. Banks have been tightening standards and terms on consumer credit, however, as households have continued to experience debt servicing problems. -5MONEY, CREDIT, AND RESERVE AGGREGATES (Seasonally adjusted annual rates of growth) Apr. 96:Q4 to Apr.1 -11.4 0.4 -3.4 5.4 M2 6.6 5.9 M3 8.8 8.0 Feb. Mar. Money and Credit Aggregates M1 Adjusted for sweeps 4.5 2.3 5.3 Domestic nonfinancial debt Federal Nonfederal Bank Credit Adjusted 2 6.8 10.3 11.2 11.4 10.2 8.5 Reserve Measures Nonborrowed Reserves3 -12.3 -19.9 -24.4 -12.5 Total Reserves Adjusted for sweeps -12.3 3.4 -17.0 7.1 -21.7 3.4 -12.2 6.5 3.5 6.2 1.7 4.3 4.6 6.6 156 261 1160 1015 Monetary Base Adjusted for sweeps Memo: (millions of dollars) Adjustment plus seasonal borrowing Excess reserves 1. 1996:Q4 through March for domestic nonfinancial sector debt and components. 2. Adjusted to remove effects of mark-to-market accounting rules (FIN 39 and FASB 115). 3. Includes "other extended credit" from the Federal Reserve. NOTE: Monthly reserve measures, including excess reserves and borrowing, are calculated by prorating averages for two-week reserve maintenance periods that overlap months. Reserve data incorporate adjustments for discontinuities associated with changes in reserve requirements. -6Policy Alternatives (6) Given the Committee's recent tightening, the staff now assumes a slightly higher real federal funds rate for a time than in its last forecast, but has not appreciably revised its expectations for most other key financial variables. In the current forecast, as in the last, the economy will continue to operate beyond its estimated potential through the end of 1998 and at a bit lower unemployment rate than in the forecast for the March meeting. Taking account of the incoming data, real GDP is now seen as rising about 3 percent over the four quarters of this year, somewhat more than in the last forecast. This growth rate for 1997 is well above, and the unemployment rate at the end of the year--at 4.8 percent--well below, the central tendencies of the Committee members' February forecasts. Nonetheless, the staff projection for total CPI inflation this year of not quite 2-1/2 percent is lower than the members' Humphrey-Hawkins projections. The slowdown in economic growth that seems to be in train is not viewed by the staff as sufficient to forestall an upturn in inflation. For next year, with the unemployment rate remaining below 5 percent, the total and core CPI are projected to speed up to around 3 percent, despite a slight damping effect from technical changes to the indexes. (7) Although there have been a number of fiscal developments since the last Committee meeting pointing toward reductions in expected deficits, none would seem to have a material effect on the appropriate near-term stance of monetary policy. The agreement to reach budget balance would not exert any additional fiscal restraint for several years. While the agreement had the potential, in the near term, for providing economic stimulus through lower interest and exchange rates and higher wealth valuations, in the event the response in -7financial markets was muted. Personal tax payments have been much higher than expected and revenues for future years have been revised up, damping disposable income. However, this is not expected to have a material effect on the growth of spending. Taxpayers likely anticipated much of their higher payments and have already adjusted the level of their consumption, if necessary. In addition, some of the unexpected surge in payments may be a byproduct of the rise in wealth and a greater willingness to spend it. For these reasons, the lower path for disposable income going forward would be reflected mostly in a smaller measured private saving rate. (8) Despite the staffs perception that underlying inflation pressures will be building, the Committee may find reasons to leave its policy stance unchanged, at least for the time being, as incorporated in alternative B, which keeps the intended federal funds rate at 5-1/2 percent. In the Greenbook forecast, the expansion of real GDP abruptly slows by enough to keep resource utilization from increasing further. The Committee may feel that there is a reasonable chance that the rates of resource use in the forecast could be associated with more subdued inflation than the staff expects. Data becoming available since the last meeting indicate a continuing damped response of prices and costs to unemployment rates that were once regarded as well below sustainable levels, underscoring the heightened uncertainties of recent years about the relationship between resource use and inflation. Even if labor costs do accelerate as the staff projects, the higher profit share of late could provide an even greater buffer against the effects on prices than the staff has assumed, damping inflation rates for some time to come. The argument for standing pat would be stronger still if one gave appreciable weight to the notion that real short-term interest rates already had -8moved to relatively high levels, providing some insulation against the risk that overly rapid economic growth would resume. (9) Many analysts continue to predict that the Committee will tighten policy at this meeting. However, in recent weeks, markets appear to have removed all but modest odds of any action, and the choice of alternative B should trigger a relatively minor decline in rates. As the intermeeting period progresses, incoming evidence confirming the staff forecast of markedly slower second-quarter growth in real GDP and still-quiescent inflation readings could further erode expectations of policy firming, fueling additional price gains in fixedincome markets. As an exception, the recent decline in the three-month bill rate should begin to unwind significantly with the approach of renewed net bill issuance in July. The exchange value of the dollar probably would fluctuate around its recent lower levels or even drift lower. (10) Some firming of the intended federal funds rate would seem justified if the underlying uptrend in inflation in the Greenbook forecast, which assumes no policy tightening until well into next year, were viewed both as the most likely outcome and as unacceptable. Tightening also might be favored even if the Committee has a more benign outlook for inflation, perhaps because it sees potential output as much higher than does the staff, but perceives an unacceptable risk that the staff outcome might be realized. Despite the recent good inflation performance, each decline in the unemployment rate has raised the likelihood that the economy has breached its potential and that inflation pressures will intensify, a concern that has presumably been accentuated with the unemployment rate falling to under 5 percent. Because of the lags in the effects of monetary policy actions, the Committee may decide that another move now to head off higher future inflation is warranted, even -9recognizing the inevitable uncertainties about prospective aggregate demand and the level of the NAIRU. In addition, although real short-term rates are above historical averages, the recent strength in profits and share prices might suggest that unusually productive investment opportunities and rising wealth will require still higher real rates to restrain demand. Against this backdrop, the recent runup in bond and stock prices may have reinforced the risk that the economic expansion will remain robust on average over coming quarters, intensifying the strain on resources and heightening inflation pressures by even more than is foreseen in the Greenbook. (11) The 1/2percentage point rise in the federal funds rate under alternative C would come as a major surprise to financial market participants and likely would spark a considerable rise in interest rates and the exchange value of the dollar. Future expected real short rates could shift up appreciably over a relatively long time horizon as the market saw the action as reflecting an FOMC view, which the market may find persuasive, that inflation pressures over the near term were likely to be stronger than the market had previously anticipated and an intention to contain those pressures through further aggressive policy tightenings. The higher real interest rates for discounting future business profits, along with possibly greater downside risks to those profits, could take a considerable toll on equity prices as well. It is possible, though, that the market would see such a prompt substantial firming as enough to hold inflation in check, or even reduce price pressures, without the need for any future tightenings. In these circumstances, upward revisions to expected future interest rates would be appreciably smaller, and the selloff at the longer end of the maturity spectrum considerably more limited. - 10- (12) If the FOMC believed that the time were ripe for some further tightening, but thought that a smaller rise in the funds rate might well be enough to contain any emerging inflation problem, it could instead opt for a 1/4percentage point increase. Such an action might be viewed as a logical follow-through to the Committee's action at the last meeting, given the subsequent data indicating first-quarter growth in real GDP substantially above trend and an appreciable decline in the unemployment rate. It also would come as less of a shock to market participants, lessening the likelihood of a sharp selloff in bond and stock markets. (13) Under the staff forecast, the growth of debt of domestic nonfinancial sectors will be damped somewhat over coming months, held down by Treasury paydowns through midyear and subdued federal borrowing thereafter. Elsewhere, borrowing by businesses is expected to continue around the faster pace of the first quarter. Strong merger activity and rising external financing needs, as profits level out, will be supporting healthy growth in business debt. In that environment, lender caution could become evident, but credit supplies to businesses still should remain ample. In the household sector, borrowing is likely to be supported by continued high levels of housing activity and outlays for consumer durables; some further tightening of supply conditions for consumer credit to marginal borrowers will exert only modest restraint on overall household borrowing. With some pickup in total domestic nonfinancial debt growth after midyear, expansion in this aggregate should remain around a 4-1/2 percent pace from the fourth quarter of 1996 through September, somewhat below the 5 percent midpoint of its annual range. - 11 - (14) The runoff of the tax-related deposit surge of April should be completed in May, after which the monthly growth of M2 and M3 under alternative B is expected to stabilize at annual rates of 4-1/2and 6 percent, respectively, through September--somewhat below the pace of the first five months of the year. Quarterly average growth of M2 in the second and third quarters would be a touch below the staffs projected average pace for percent over the two quarters, reflecting the lagged effects of higher nominal GDP of 4-1/4 opportunity costs stemming from the policy firming in March. M3 growth is expected to ease slightly, though still remain strong. Rapid money fund growth and some further shifting toward large time deposits and away from overseas funding of bank assets will continue to sustain growth in this aggregate, even in the face of a substantial slowing in bank credit growth. As shown in the charts, the staff anticipates that M2 will have grown at a 4-3/4 percent rate from the fourth quarter of 1996 through September, just below the 5 percent percent rate over the upper end of its annual range, while M3 will have expanded at a 6-3/4 same period, well above the 6 percent upper bound of its annual range. Alternative Levels and Growth Rates for Key Monetary Aggregates M3 M2 Levels in Billions Apr-97 May-97 Jun-97 Jul-97 Aug-97 Sep-97 Monthly Growth Rates Jan-97 Feb-97 Mar-97 Apr-97 May-97 Jun-97 Jul-97 Aug-97 Sep-97 M1 Alt. B Alt. C Alt. B Alt. C Alt. B Alt. C 3903.9 3902.3 3917.2 3931.9 3946.7 3961.5 3903.9 5052.6 5065.3 5091.0 5116.9 5142.9 5168.6 5052.6 5064.9 5089.4 5113.6 5138.0 5162.7 1065.0 1060.3 1056.2 1050.3 1048.0 1065.0 1060.1 1055.3 1051.1 1047.1 1043.5 3901.7 3914.6 3926.7 3939.0 3951.8 1053.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 6.6 -0.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.2 5.1 5.1 6.6 -0.7 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.9 5.5 9.0 6.8 8.8 3.0 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.5 9.0 6.8 8.8 2.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 -1.4 1.0 -6.0 -11.4 -5.3 -4.6 -3.5 -3.2 -2.6 -1.4 1.0 -6.0 -11.4 -5.5 -5.4 -4.7 -4.6 -4.2 Quarterly Averages 97 Q1 97 Q2 97 Q3 97 Q4 5.9 4.3 4.0 4.5 5.9 4.2 3.3 4.0 7.7 6.8 5.8 6.0 7.7 6.8 5.5 5.8 -0.7 -6.7 -3.8 -1.9 -0.7 -6.8 -4.9 -3.3 Growth Rate From Apr-97 May-97 Sep-97 Sep-97 3.5 4.6 2.9 3.9 5.5 6.1 5.2 5.8 -3.8 -3.5 -4.8 -4.7 96 Q4 96 Q4 96 Q4 Apr-97 May-97 Sep-97 5.9 4.8 4.8 5.9 4.8 4.5 8.0 7.2 6.8 8.0 7.1 6.7 -3.4 -3.7 -3.6 -3.4 -3.8 -4.1 95 Q4 96 Q4 4.6 4.6 6.7 6.7 -4.6 -4.6 To 1997 Annual Ranges: 1.0 to 5.0 2.0 to 6.0 Chart 2 Actual and Projected M2 Billions of Dollars 4050 5% - - -* Actual Level ./ Projected Level - 4000 - 3950 Short-Run Alternatives B S* c S3900 1% - 3850 - 3800 - - 3750 3700 IIIIIIIII Oct Dec 1996 Feb Apr 3650 II Jun 1997 Aug Oct Dec Feb 1998 Chart 3 Actual and Projected M3 Billions of Dollars - Actual Level 5300 6% Projected Level -- * Short-Run Alternatives * cB6* C - 5200 .- " . 5100 2 5000 4900 4800 .. I Oct Dec 1996 I Feb I I Apr I Jun 1997 I I Aug I I Oct I Dec I Feb 1998 4700 Chart 4 Actual and Projected Debt Billions of Dollars - 15800 -- Actual Level - - - - Estimated Level * Projected Level -1 15600 -I 15400 15200 3% 15000 I I I Dec 1996 I I I I I I Jun 1997 1 1 1 Aug 1I I I -- 14800 - 14600 -4 14400 -- 14200 I Feb 1998 - 13- Directive Language (15) Presented below is draft wording for the operational paragraph that includes the usual options for Committee consideration. OPERATIONAL PARAGRAPH In the implementation of policy for the immediate future, the Committee seeks to DECREASE (SLIGHTLY/SOMEWHAT)/MAINTAIN/ increase slightly (SOMEWHAT) the existing degree of pressure on reserve positions. In the context of the Committee's long-run objectives for price stability and sustainable economic growth, and giving careful consideration to economic, financial, and monetary developments, slightly (SOMEWHAT) greater reserve restraint (MIGHT/WOULD) or slightly (SOMEWHAT) lesser reserve restraint might (WOULD) be acceptable in the intermeeting period. The contemplated reserve conditions are expected to be consistent with some moderation in the expansion of M2 and M3 over coming months. May 19,1997 SELECTED INTEREST RATES (percent) Short-Term federal funds Treasury bills secondary market Lonc-Term CDs secondary market comm. paper money market mutual bank prime U.S. government constant maturity yields corporate conventional home mortgages A-utility municipal secondary primary recently Bond market market 3-month 6-month 1-year 3-month 1-month fund loan 3-year 10-year 30-year offered Buyer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 96 -- High - Low 5.61 5.08 5.18 4.79 5.37 4.71 5.61 4.57 5.57 5.13 5.83 5.28 5.15 4.73 8.50 8.25 6.59 4.95 7.02 5.59 7.16 5.97 8.23 7.00 6.34 5.63 8.72 7.35 8.42 6.94 6.01 5.19 97 5.86 5.05 5.24 4.98 5.41 5.00 5.67 5.17 5.73 5.35 5.94 5.37 4.96 4.80 8.50 8.25 6.65 5.93 6.93 6.30 7.13 6.56 8.27 7.69 6.14 5.84 8.56 7.92 8.18 7.56 5.91 5.45 5.02 5.09 5.15 5.05 5.09 4.99 5.03 4.91 5.12 5.25 5.30 5.13 5.24 5.11 5.07 5.04 5.33 5.48 5.52 5.35 5.50 5.25 5.14 5.18 5.36 5.46 5.53 5.40 5.51 5.41 5.38 5.44 5.38 5.45 5.44 5.39 5.45 5.37 5.39 5.70 4.74 4.76 4.81 4.82 4.82 4.82 4.83 4.85 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 6.27 6.49 6.45 6.21 6.41 6.08 5.82 5.91 6.74 6.91 6.87 6.64 6.83 6.53 6.20 6.30 6.93 7.06 7.03 6.84 7.03 6.81 6.48 6.55 8.02 8.13 8.07 7.87 8.06 7.83 7.54 7.63 6.22 6.25 6.15 6.00 6.11 5.97 5.85 5.91 8.46 8.59 8.56 8.33 8.48 8.22 7.91 8.01 8.07 8.32 8.25 8.00 8.23 7.92 7.62 7.60 5.77 5.92 5.98 5.84 5.85 5.64 5.53 5.52 -- High -- Low fixed-rate fixed-rate ARM Monthly May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 Dec 96 5.24 5.27 5.40 5.22 5.30 5.24 5.31 5.29 Jan Feb Mar Apr Weekly Jan 97 97 97 97 5.25 5.19 5.39 5.51 5.03 5.01 5.14 5.16 5.10 5.06 5.26 5.37 5.30 5.23 5.47 5.64 5.43 5.37 5.53 5.71 5.43 5.39 5.51 5.61 4.85 4.83 4.82 -- 8.25 8.25 8.30 8.50 6.16 6.03 6.38 6.61 6.58 6.42 6.69 6.89 6.83 6.69 6.93 7.09 7.93 7.81 8.08 8.23 5.99 5.90 6.04 6.14 8.21 8.03 8.35 8.46 7.82 7.65 7.90 8.14 5.56 5.49 5.64 5.87 29 97 5.18 5.04 5.12 5.31 5.42 5.43 4.82 8.25 6.21 6.64 6.90 7.92 6.02 8.15 7.88 5.55 Feb Feb Feb Feb 5 12 19 26 97 97 97 97 5.30 5.05 5.22 5.16 5.00 5.01 4.98 5.00 5.08 5.07 5.00 5.05 5.26 5.22 5.17 5.22 5.41 5.37 5.35 5.35 5.43 5.39 5.38 5.37 4.87 4.81 4.81 4.80 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 6.07 6.02 5.93 6.05 6.51 6.43 6.30 6.42 6.78 6.72 6.56 6.68 7.86 7.69 7.77 7.94 5.95 5.87 5.84 5.93 8.01 7.92 7.99 8.18 7.74 7.65 7.56 7.65 5.51 5.52 5.45 5.49 Mar Mar Mar Mar 5 12 19 26 97 97 97 97 5.36 5.19 5.26 5.40 5.09 5.07 5.12 5.24 5.17 5.19 5.25 5.35 5.38 5.39 5.44 5.54 5.42 5.44 5.50 5.62 5.42 5.42 5.45 5.60 4.84 4.80 4.81 4.83 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.29 6.25 6.26 6.38 6.47 6.58 6.58 6.72 6.75 6.83 6.85 6.97 6.96 7.97 8.09 8.11 8.22 5.97 6.02 6.06 6.09 8.23 8.27 8.34 8.56 7.84 7.84 7.94 7.97 5.54 5.61 5.71 5.71 Apr Apr Apr Apr 2 9 16 23 97 97 97 97 Apr 30 97 5.86 5.37 5.48 5.48 5.61 5.20 5.13 5.16 5.18 5.18 5.33 5.33 5.41 5.40 5.37 5.67 5.63 5.66 5.62 5.66 5.68 5.70 5.72 5.71 5.73 5.69 5.63 5.61 5.59 5.60 4.96 4.96 4.91 4.94 4.96 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 6.59 6.59 6.65 6.60 6.59 6.90 6.89 6.93 6.86 6.86 7.09 7.10 7.13 7.07 7.07 8.26 8.27 8.19 8.24 7.98 6.14 6.14 6.13 6.13 6.01 8.46 8.51 8.37 8.49 8.25 8.18 8.15 8.16 8.08 8.01 5.80 5.91 5.89 5.86 5.84 May May 7 97 14 97 5.55 5.49 5.08 5.06 5.33 5.29 5.57 5.54 5.71 5.71 5.60 5.60 4.96 -- 8,50 8.50 6.42 6.42 6.69 6.69 6.92 6.90 7.97 8.00 5.98 5.91 8.21 8.24 7.94 7.91 5.82 5.78 9 97 15 97 16 97 5.46 5.51 5.46p 5.05 4.99 5.06 5.26 5.31 5.34 5.53 5.51 5.54 5.70 5.71 5.71 5.59 5.62 5.62 8.50 8.50 8.50 6.40 6.39 6.41 6.67 6.67 6.70 Daily May May May NOTE: Weekly data for columns 1 through 11are statement week averages. Data in column 7 are taken from Donoghue's Money Fund Report. Columns 12, 13 and 14 are 1-day quotes for Friday, Thursday or Friday, respectively, following the end of the statement week. Column 13 is the Bond Buyer revenue index. Column 14 isthe FNMA purchase yield, plus loan servicing fee, on 30-day mandatory delivery commitments. Column 15 is the average contract rate on new commitments for fixed-rate mortgages (FRMs) with 80 percent loan-to-value ratios at major institutional lenders. Column 16 is the average initial contract rate on new commitments for 1-year, adjustablerate mortgages (ARMs) at major institutional lenders offering both FRMs and ARMs with the same number of discount points. p - preliminary data Strictly confidential (FR)tric ass I FOM Money and Credit Aggregate Measures Seasonally adjusted MAY 19, 1997 Money stock measures and liquid assets nontransactions components Period M1 M2 1 2 In M2 In M3 only 3 4 Bank credit total ans Domestic nonfinancial debt' total loans M3 L 5 6 and U. S. investments' government 7 8 2 other' total' 9 10 Annual growth rates(%): Annually (Q4 to Q4) 1994 1995 1996 2.5 -1.6 -4.6 0.6 4.0 4.6 -0.3 6.7 8.8 6.6 15.3 15.0 1.7 6.2 6.7 2.7 7.4 6.0 6.9 8.7 4.1 5.7 4.4 3,8 5.1 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.4 Quart erly(average) 1996-Q2 1996-Q3 1996-Q4 1997-01 -1.4 -6.5 -7.3 -0.7 4.5 3.4 5.0 5.9 7.0 7.7 10.1 8.5 13.9 12.8 18.5 14.1 6.4 5.4 7.9 7.7 6.3 5.5 6.6 3.1 1.7 6.7 10.2 4.7 3.8 3.2 1.8 6.3 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.3 -2.9 -6.8 -1.7 -7.2 -9.7 -7.2 -14.3 -0.2 1.1 3.4 0.4 5.3 2.6 4.1 4.0 4.0 6.8 7.5 6.1 3.5 8.2 6.8 9.9 8.6 11.4 9.6 10.0 7.6 26.2 7.0 11.4 8.9 21.6 25.9 6.6 21.0 4.3 5.8 5.7 4.4 5.1 7.8 8.7 6.7 10.5 6.7 2.4 7.0 4.1 6.1 8.2 4.5 7.6 7.3 7.9 -1.0 2.2 3.7 -2.6 6.0 8.2 8.5 9.0 4.2 2.0 2.1 6.0 4.5 1.0 3.8 4.2 2.9 6.6 6.1 6.1 6.2 4.9 5.2 5.7 5.8 4.5 6.0 5.1 5.1 6.1 4.8 4.1 5.2 5.4 4.1 -1.4 1.0 -6.0 -11.4 5.2 5.1 5.1 6.6 7.8 6.7 9.4 13.6 6.4 22.8 12.8 16.3 5.5 9.0 6.8 8.8 3.1 10.0 11.2 12.3 6.8 11.2 -0.6 1.8 4.7 4.8 6.0 5.3 3.4 4.9 5.2 1081.0 3833.0 2752.0 1094.6 4927.7 6057.7 3772.6 3780.4 10841.6 14622.0 1079.7 1080.6 1075.2 1065.0 3849.7 3866.0 3882.4 3903.9 2769.9 2785.4 2807.2 2838.9 1100.4 1121.3 1133.3 1148.7 4950.1 4987.3 5015.7 5052.6 6073.2 6123.9 3807.7 3846.8 3868.6 3904.7 3778.6 3784.2 3799.1 10884.7 10938.7 10987.2 14663.3 14722.9 14786.3 7 14 21 28 p 1065.9 1056.9 1071.0 1064.8 3897.2 3895.8 3916.6 3907.0 2831.3 2838.9 2845.6 2842.3 1136.9 1151.5 1148.1 1156.9 5034.1 5047.4 5064.6 5063.9 5 p 1064.1 3894.4 2830.3 1153.8 5048.1 Monthly 1996-APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC. 1997-JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. p Levels (billions), Monthly 1996-DEC. 1997-JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. p Weekly 1997-APR. MAY 1. 2. Adjusted for breaks caused by reclassifications. Debt data are on a monthly average basis, derived by averaging end-of-month levels of adjacent months, and have been adjusted to remove discontinuities. p pe preliminary preliminary estimate Strictly Confidential (FR)Class II FOMC Components of Money Stock and Related Measures Seasonallyadjusted MAY 19, 1997 Money market Period Levels Currency Demand deposits Other checkable deposits 1 2 3 Saing Small denomination time deposits 4 5 mutual funds Retail' Institutiononly 6 7 Large denomination time deposits' RP's' 8 9 Eurodollars" 10 Savings bonds Short-term ry T securities' ommercial paper' Bankers acceptances' 11 12 13 14 ( sl110s) : Annual (Q4) 1994 1995 1996 Monthly 1996-APR. MAY JUNE 352.4 371.4 392.6 384.9 390.3 400.9 404.8 362.1 278.3 376.4 377.7 379.9 404.5 407.1 410.6 333.9 323.5 JULY AUG. SEP. 382.8 408.7 385.2 387.6 405.8 404.9 308.7 300.4 OCT. NOV. DEC. 390.2 392.5 398.2 402.1 316.4 292.2 283.2 276.8 395.2 402.4 FEB. MAR. 397.0 400.5 402.4 401.7 404.2 402.8 267.3 261.6 APR. p 403.7 395.2 257.8 1997-JAN. 274.8 272.5 806.5 1164.0 1127.3 1258.8 942.8 1190.1 1195.6 1204.1 929.5 928.4 928.8 930.4 379.8 451.0 528.1 197.4 244.7 293.1 358.7 416.3 483.5 176.6 186.7 194.4 481.4 263.4 263.6 269.7 435.4 442.5 448.9 188.9 484.5 493.6 274.0 278.8 285.2 455.2 459.3 466.8 194.1 288.1 292.0 299.3 479.2 481.7 489.6 195.5 1211.0 1222.7 1231.5 930.5 499.6 934.1 506.1 513.2 1246.3 1259.0 1271.0 940.8 937.5 202.7 195.3 192.3 194.1 81.8 179.7 184.4 187.0 378.8 465.5 96.5 97.0 97.8 185.8 97.9 98.4 101.2 186.7 186.9 107.1 107.6 112.7 187.1 91.8 109.1 943.2 520.5 527.1 944.4 536.6 1282.5 1290.5 1304.3 945.0 542.4 946.2 945.1 548.7 557.8 296.3 305.4 311.8 491.4 497.9 506.7 200.3 198.7 116.4 117.8 116.1 1323.3 946.4 569.2 311.6 518.9 200.3 117.9 194.6 193.0 196.4 402.2 439.3 486.1 13.6 460.0 439.6 448.5 459.3 468.0 10.4 11.0 470.1 11.5 447.6 452.4 457.7 473.0 477.7 482.0 11.6 11.4 11.3 187.0 447.6 454.3 435.7 479.6 483.2 495.5 11.6 11.8 186.7 186.4 415.8 420.6 509.1 517.5 11.5 12.1 186.1 186.4 187.1 187.0 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Includes money market deposit accounts. Includes retail repurchase agreements. All IRA and Keogh accounts at commercial banks and thrift institutions are subtracted from small time deposits. Excludes IRA and Keogh accounts. Net of large denomination time deposits held by money market mutual funds, depository institutions, U.S. government, and foreign banks and official institutions. Net of money market mutual fund holdings of these items. Includes both overnight and term. p preliminary 445.9 12.4 11.6 11.3 May 16, 1997 Period 1994 1995 1996 Net 2 purchases 17,484 10,932 9,901 1996 ---Q1 ---Q2 --Q3 --Q4 Treasury bills Treasurycoupons Redemptions (-) Net purchases 3 - aRedemptions 5-10 over 10 1-5 Net change 1 yer 9,168 4,966 3,177 17,484 10,032 9,901 3,399 35 1,240 1,899 1,279 818 3,985 3,818 1,239 776 3,606 3,122 1,965 Net Change (-) Federal agencies redemptions 1,117 1997 January February March April Weekly January 22 29 February 5 12 19 26 March 5 12 19 26 April 2 9 16 23 30 May 7 14 31,975 16,970 14,670 -7,412 -1,023 5,351 787 2,691 3,716 1,336 138 79 85 -1,336 5,952 3,637 6,417 -8,879 2,959 -2,454 13,726 607 5,314 230 5,084 -18,046 16 40 52 27 63 10 12 -16 3,271 -52 3,716 -27 -63 6,492 -12 6,594 -711 7,118 -9,267 -304 3,625 584 9,518 187 27 17 24 -793 1,916 3,961 5,530 -10,151 -7,371 -524 66,091 17 -17 27 1,125 791 17 2,555 1,423 -17 -376 10 4,006 -386 1,924 988 2,218 14 -9,269 10,721 -12,348 7,645 -9,546 7,579 -9,508 7,457 -4,186 2,699 -4,002 2,933 7,077 9,245 46,494 -25,641 694 Memo: LEVEL (bil. $) 6 May 14 1,240 3,716 6,502 -607 1,943 3,978 1,548 818 4,006 --- 1,125 818 818 138 23 2,555 1,423 ----- 4,006 209.0 230.5 1. Change from end-of-period to end-of-period. 2. Outright transactions in market and with foreign accounts. 3. Outright transactions in market and with foreign accounts, and short-term notes acquired in exchange for maturing bills. Excludes maturity shifts and rollovers of maturing issues. 95.1 37.7 5 1,002 1,303 1,637 3,311 125 Net RPs 15,493 8,241 6,407 July August September October November December Net change outright holdings total 4 2,337 1,476 787 6,502 1997 ---Q1 1996 May June STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL (FR) CLASS II-FOMC NET CHANGES IN SYSTEM HOLDINGS OF SECURITES 1 Millions of dollars, not seasonally adjusted 43.1 1,910 988 2,218 ---. 420.9 406.4 -13.2 4. Reflects net change in redemptions (-) of Treasury and agency securities. 5. Includes change in RPs (+), matched sale-purchase transactions (-), and matched purchase sale transactions (+). 6. The levels of agency issues were as follows: I ,II 1 year May 14 1.1 1-5 0.4 5-10 0.4 over 10 0.0 total 1.9 

Federal Reserve (1997, May 19). Bluebook. Bluebooks, Federal Reserve. https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/bluebook_19970520

@misc{wtfs_bluebook_19970520,
  author = {Federal Reserve},
  title = {Bluebook},
  year = {1997},
  month = {May},
  howpublished = {Bluebooks, Federal Reserve},
  url = {https://whenthefedspeaks.com/doc/bluebook_19970520},
  note = {Retrieved via When the Fed Speaks corpus}
}